Sources characteristics and effects of mass

Accordingly, the relation between science and the media has been intensively analyzed within the social scientific community. It is difficult to keep track of this research, however, as a flurry of studies has been published on the issue. This article provides such an overview. Second, it describes existing empirical research.

Although there is scholarly consensus about how to define mass incarceration, there is some level of disagreement over its causes and consequences. Some say it deters and incapacitates; others say that it weakens poor families, keeping them socially marginalized.

The massive increases in imprisonment might be justifiable if public safety were dramatically improved. Given the high rates of imprisonment and racial disparity in imprisonment, incarceration may be significant as a generator of social inequality.

It is this possibility that recent research considers, focusing on effects on the individuals who cycle through the system and on those who are attached to them—their communities, families, and friends.

Despite substantial obstacles to causal inference a point stressed in many of these readingsmuch of this research suggests that mass incarceration has the potential to substantially increase social inequality, because it is unequally distributed and because it has negative effects on prisoners and their social correlates.

Although much of the research considers the consequences of imprisonment for individuals in nations with lower overall rates of incarceration most notably the United Kingdom and The Netherlandsthe majority of the works cited here focus on effects in the United States, where incarceration levels are high.

General Overviews There are so many excellent general overviews of the meaning, causes, and consequences of mass incarceration that it would be impossible to list them all. While earlier general overviews focus mostly on gaps in knowledge Hagan and DinovitzerLynch and Sabolsubsequent overviews focus on effects on inequality Pattillo, et al.

Crucially, there is sufficient diversity in the sophistication of these overviews that there is a general overview appropriate for almost anyone. Indeed, one overview even provides econometric analyses of the causes and consequences of mass imprisonment Raphael and Stoll Punishment beyond the legal offender.

Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3: Distinctively excellent for its summary and analysis of the qualitative research in this area.

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Available online for purchase or by subscription. Hagan, John, and Ronit Dinovitzer. Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, communities, and prisoners. Crime and Justice Even years after its publication, this article contains a number of important and falsifiable hypotheses that have yet to be tested empirically.

Prison use and social control.

In Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system: Edited by Julie Horney, 7— National Institute of Justice. The social effects of mass incarceration. This volume provides a nice combination of synopses of book-length manuscripts plus research available only in this volume.

Raphael, Steven, and Michael A. Do prisons make us safer? The benefits and costs of the prison boom.

By far the most empirically sophisticated of the edited volumes and hence recommended only for those with some training in statistics preferably economics. Each chapter in this volume is nonetheless excellent.Sociology Compass 5/6 (): –, /jx Sources, Characteristics and Effects of Mass Media Communication on Science: A Review of the Literature, Current Trends and Areas for Future Research Mike S.

Scha¨fer* University of Hamburg Abstract A significant amount of science coverage can be found nowadays in the mass media and is the main source of information . Sources, Characteristics and Effects of Mass Media Communication on Science. A Review of the Literature, Current Trends and Areas for Future Research.

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By Mike S Schäfer. Topics: Department of Communication and Media Research, Arts. In media studies, media psychology, communication theory and sociology, media influence and media effects are topics relating to mass media and media culture effects on individual or audience thought, attitudes and behavior..

Media influence is the actual force exerted by a media message, resulting in either a change or reinforcement in audience . Media effects refers to the many ways individuals and society may be influenced by both news and entertainment mass media, including film, television, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music.

Influence of mass media - Wikipedia

The overall influence of mass media has increased drastically over the years, and will continue to do so as the media itself improves.

Media influence is the actual force exerted by a media message, resulting in either a change or reinforcement in audience or individual beliefs. A significant amount of science coverage can be found nowadays inthe mass media and is the main source of information about sciencefor many.